1: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):364-71. Epub 2006 Oct 18.


Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in complex with the inhibitory domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1.

Iyer S, Wei S, Brew K, Acharya KR.

Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.

The mammalian collagenases are a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are uniquely able to cleave triple helical fibrillar collagens. Collagen breakdown is an essential part of extracellular matrix turnover in key physiological processes including morphogenesis and wound healing; however, unregulated collagenolysis is linked to important diseases such as arthritis and cancer. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) function in controlling the activity of MMPs, including collagenases. We report here the structure of a complex of the catalytic domain of fibroblast collagenase (MMP-1) with the N-terminal inhibitory domain of human TIMP-1 (N-TIMP-1) at 2.54 A resolution. Comparison with the previously reported structure of the TIMP-1/stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) complex shows that the mechanisms of inhibition of both MMPs are generally similar, yet there are significant differences in the protein-protein interfaces in the two complexes. Specifically, the loop between beta-strands A and B of TIMP-1 makes contact with MMP-3 but not with MMP-1, and there are marked differences in the roles of individual residues in the C-D connector of TIMP-1 in binding to the two MMPs. Structural rearrangements in the bound MMPs are also strikingly different. This is the first crystallographic structure that contains the truncated N-terminal domain of a TIMP, which shows only minor differences from the corresponding region of the full-length protein. Differences in the interactions in the two TIMP-1 complexes provide a structural explanation for the results of previous mutational studies and a basis for designing new N-TIMP-1 variants with restricted specificity.

Publication Types:
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 17050530 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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2: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Dec;285(6):L1222-32. Epub 2003 Aug 8.


Negative impact of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 null mutation on lung structure and function in response to sepsis.

Martin EL, Moyer BZ, Pape MC, Starcher B, Leco KJ, Veldhuizen RA.

Department of Physiology, Lawson Health Research Institute, H417, 268 Grosvenor St., The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 4V2. emartin3@uwo.ca

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are degradative enzymes, which act to remodel tissue. Their activity is regulated by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). An imbalance in the degradation/inhibition activities has been associated with many diseases, including sepsis. We have previously shown that TIMP-3 knockout animals develop spontaneous, progressive air space enlargement. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a septic lung stress induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) on lung function, structure, pulmonary surfactant, and inflammation in TIMP-3 null mice. Knockout and wild-type animals were randomized to either sham or CLP surgery, allowed to recover for 6 h, and then euthanized. TIMP-3 null animals exposed to sham surgery had a significant increase in lung compliance when compared with sham wild-type mice. Additionally, the TIMP-3 knockout mice showed a significant increase in compliance following CLP. Rapid compliance changes were accompanied by significantly decreased collagen and fibronectin levels and increased gelatinase (MMP-2 and -9) abundance and activation. Additionally, in situ zymography showed increased airway-associated gelatinase activity in the knockout animals enhanced following CLP. In conclusion, exposing TIMP-3 null animals to sepsis rapidly enhances the phenotypic abnormalities of these mice, due to increased MMP activity induced by CLP.

Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 12909586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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3: Genomics. 1999 Apr 15;57(2):293-6.


Invertebrate tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase: structure and nested gene organization within the synapsin locus is conserved from Drosophila to human.

Pohar N, Godenschwege TA, Buchner E.

Th.-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Am Hubland, Würzburg, D-97074, Germany.

Vertebrate tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate extracellular matrix metalloproteinases and are thus involved in a wide variety of developmental and physiological processes. By identifying cDNAs of a transcript detected within an intron of the Drosophila synapsin gene we have cloned the Drosophila TIMP gene (Timp), which represents the first invertebrate member of the TIMP gene family. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 210 amino acids with 35% identity to human TIMPs and a conserved exon-intron structure. Analysis of sequence data from the Sanger Centre demonstrated that the human TIMP3 gene is encoded within intron V of the human synapsin-III gene, indicating that the nested organization of TIMP and synapsin genes may be a general feature conserved in evolution. We therefore speculate that the human TIMP4 gene will be located in intron V of the human synapsin-II gene on chromosome 3p25, and we present preliminary evidence that a human synapsin-IV gene is located near the TIMP2 gene on chromosome 17q23-q25. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 10198170 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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4: EMBO J. 1998 Sep 1;17(17):5238-48.


Crystal structure of the complex formed by the membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2, the soluble progelatinase A receptor.

Fernandez-Catalan C, Bode W, Huber R, Turk D, Calvete JJ, Lichte A, Tschesche H, Maskos K.

Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany.

The proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) towards extracellular matrix components is held in check by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The binary complex of TIMP-2 and membrane-type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP) forms a cell surface located 'receptor' involved in pro-MMP-2 activation. We have solved the 2.75 A crystal structure of the complex between the catalytic domain of human MT1-MMP (cdMT1-MMP) and bovine TIMP-2. In comparison with our previously determined MMP-3-TIMP-1 complex, both proteins are considerably tilted to one another and show new features. CdMT1-MMP, apart from exhibiting the classical MMP fold, displays two large insertions remote from the active-site cleft that might be important for interaction with macromolecular substrates. The TIMP-2 polypeptide chain, as in TIMP-1, folds into a continuous wedge; the A-B edge loop is much more elongated and tilted, however, wrapping around the S-loop and the beta-sheet rim of the MT1-MMP. In addition, both C-terminal edge loops make more interactions with the target enzyme. The C-terminal acidic tail of TIMP-2 is disordered but might adopt a defined structure upon binding to pro-MMP-2; the Ser2 side-chain of TIMP-2 extends into the voluminous S1' specificity pocket of cdMT1-MMP, with its Ogamma pointing towards the carboxylate of the catalytic Glu240. The lower affinity of TIMP-1 for MT1-MMP compared with TIMP-2 might be explained by a reduced number of favourable interactions.

Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 9724659 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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5: J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 21;273(34):21736-43.


High resolution structure of the N-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 and characterization of its interaction site with matrix metalloproteinase-3.

Muskett FW, Frenkiel TA, Feeney J, Freedman RB, Carr MD, Williamson RA.

Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.

The high resolution structure of the N-terminal domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (N-TIMP-2) in solution has been determined using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, with the structural calculations based on an extensive set of constraints, including 3132 nuclear Overhauser effect-based distance constraints, 56 hydrogen bond constraints, and 220 torsion angle constraints (an average of 26.9 constraints/residue). The core of the protein consists of a five-stranded beta-barrel that is homologous to the beta-barrel found in the oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide binding protein fold. The binding site for the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinases-3 (N-MMP-3) on N-TIMP-2 has been mapped by determining the changes in chemical shifts on complex formation for signals from the protein backbone (15N, 13C, and 1H). This approach identified a discrete N-MMP-3 binding site on N-TIMP-2 composed of the N terminus of the protein and the loops between beta-strands AB, CD, and EF. The beta-hairpin formed from strands A and B in N-TIMP-2 is significantly longer than the equivalent structure in TIMP-1, allowing it to make more extensive binding interactions with the MMP catalytic domain. A detailed comparison of the N-TIMP-2 structure with that of TIMP-1 bound to N-MMP-3 (Gomis-Ruth, F.-X., Maskos, K., Betz, M., Bergner, A., Huber, R., Suzuki, K., Yoshida, N., Nagase, H. , Brew, K., Bourne, G. P., Bartunik, H. & Bode, W. (1997) Nature 389, 77-80) revealed that the core beta-barrels are very similar in topology but that the loop connecting beta-strands CD (P67-C72) would need to undergo a large conformational change for TIMP-2 to bind in a similar manner to TIMP-1.

Publication Types:
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 9705310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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6: J Biol Chem. 1992 Aug 5;267(22):15398-405.


Domain structure of human 72-kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase. Characterization of proteolytic activity and identification of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) binding regions.

Fridman R, Fuerst TR, Bird RE, Hoyhtya M, Oelkuct M, Kraus S, Komarek D, Liotta LA, Berman ML, Stetler-Stevenson WG.

Molecular Oncology Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878.

The 72-kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase, a metalloproteinase thought to play a role in metastasis and in angiogenesis, forms a noncovalent stoichiometric complex with the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), a potent inhibitor of enzyme activity. To define the regions of the 72-kDa gelatinase responsible for TIMP-2 binding, a series of NH2- and COOH-terminal deletions of the enzyme were constructed using the polymerase chain reaction technique. The full-length and the truncated enzymes were expressed in a recombinant vaccinia virus mammalian cell expression system (Vac/T7). Two truncated enzymes ending at residues 425 (delta 426-631) and 454 (delta 455-631) were purified. Like the full-length recombinant 72-kDa gelatinase, both COOH-terminally truncated enzymes were activated with organomercurial and digested gelatin and native collagen type IV. In contrast to the full-length enzyme, delta 426-631 and delta 455-631 enzymes were less sensitive to TIMP-2 inhibition requiring 10 mol of TIMP-2/mol of enzyme to achieve maximal inhibition of enzymatic activity. The activated but not the latent forms of the delta 426-631 and delta 455-631 proteins formed a complex with TIMP-2 only when excess molar concentrations of inhibitor were used. We also expressed the 205-amino acid COOH-terminal fragment, delta 1-426, and found that it binds TIMP-2. In addition, a truncated version of the 72-kDa gelatinase lacking the NH2-terminal 78 amino acids (delta 1-78) of the proenzyme retained the ability to bind TIMP-2. These studies demonstrate that 72-kDa gelatinases lacking the COOH-terminal domain retain full enzymatic activity but acquire a reduced sensitivity to TIMP-2 inhibition. These data suggest that both the active site and the COOH-terminal tail of the 72-kDa gelatinase independently and cooperatively participate in TIMP-2 binding.

Publication Types:
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 1322396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]